Definition of Sudden Weight Loss
Sudden or unintentional weight loss is defined as a decrease in body weight that occurs without an individual actively seeking to achieve this outcome. It is considered significant when there is a loss of 4.5 kg (5% of total body weight) or more within a period of 6-12 months without any known reasons.
Causes of Sudden Weight Loss
Sudden and unintentional weight loss can be a sign or symptom of various health problems and conditions. Some of the common causes include:
Hyperthyroidism
In cases of hyperthyroidism, the thyroid gland produces higher than normal amounts of hormones, which impacts the body’s metabolic processes. As a result, the body burns calories at an increased rate, leading to weight loss. Symptoms may also include increased bowel activity, rapid heart rate, feelings of anxiety, sleep disturbances, and fatigue.
Diabetes
Insulin helps to convert sugar in the blood into energy. In Type 1 diabetes, the body is unable to produce insulin, while in Type 2, the body does not respond to insulin as it should. When the body runs out of fuel or energy, it begins to burn fat and muscle, causing weight loss. Other symptoms of diabetes may include excessive thirst, hunger, fatigue, and frequent urination.
Depression
Weight loss may be a symptom of depression, which is characterized by persistent feelings of sadness or emptiness that hinder daily activities. Depression can affect areas of the brain that control appetite, leading to reduced food intake and subsequent weight loss. Other symptoms may include continuous sadness, loss of interest in activities, decreased energy, difficulty concentrating, and sometimes thoughts of death or suicide.
Medications
Certain medications can affect metabolic processes, increasing calorie burning or reducing appetite. Examples include stimulants, medications for Type 2 diabetes, chemotherapy drugs, and some antidepressants.
Cancer
Cancer can lead to increased energy usage due to the presence of malignant cells. These cancerous cells may produce substances that alter the way the body digests food or may place a higher demand on the immune system, resulting in weight loss.
Heart Failure
In cases of heart failure, the heart struggles to pump blood adequately, which may prevent the digestive system from receiving proper blood supply, leading to a false sense of fullness even when food has not been consumed. This can result in weight loss due to an inability to absorb nutrients properly.
Stress
It is common for individuals to lose some weight during stressful events such as job loss or the death of a loved one. Those experiencing prolonged stress may need support from family, friends, or professionals. If weight loss continues, it is advised to consult a doctor.
Other Causes
Additional causes may include: Addison’s disease, celiac disease, changes in diet or appetite levels, Crohn’s disease, HIV/AIDS, drug use such as cocaine, tuberculosis, ulcerative colitis, and rheumatoid arthritis.
Consulting a Doctor
If an individual notices unintended weight loss, it is crucial to schedule an appointment with a healthcare professional, regardless of whether they believe they know the cause. Sudden weight loss can be a sign of various conditions that may be challenging to diagnose in the early stages and may require tests and blood work to identify the underlying cause.
